Regarding “Christian responsibility to government”, I can find no place in the OT where God instituted government, yet Paul says that God ordained governmental authority, so what can he mean by that? The only government ever established by God was that of Israel under the judges. Israel’s selection of a king was an act of rebellion against God, not one of fulfilling God’s will.

In creating the nation of Israel, God did nothing more than give the people his laws. No legislature existed to create new laws. The judges did nothing more than apply God’s laws. The people enforced the decisions of the judges.

It’s possible that the authority ordained by God is nothing more than his law, or what later became known as natural law. So as long as the state is enforcing God’s laws regarding life, liberty and property, then we should obey it and its bureaucrats.

However, the Roman state tortured and murdered Paul and all of the Apostles because they refused to obey the state’s magistrates. The principle is clear: obey the state as it enforces God’s law. We are free to disobey when the state violates God’s law, but we must be willing to pay the price for doing so.